Buddhism Questions

1.Siddhartha Gautama
2.The first sight was a decrepit old man and the significance is that Siddhartha saw this fate was in store for everyone including himself. The second sight was a diseased man and Siddhartha thought people could not enjoy life when disease threatened them. The third sight was a corpse and he thought what the point of living is when everyone has to die. The fourth sight was a homeless ascetic religious man and Siddhartha thought that there is a way to salvation.
3.A basic Buddhist teaching that rejects both the pleasures of sensual indulgence and the self-denial of asceticism, focusing instead on a practical approach to spiritual attainment.
4.Siddhartha was sitting under a fig tree by a fig tree and he said he would not leave until he was enlightened. The god of death Mara did everything he could to try and stop him by frightening and tempting him from his spot. However Gautama defeated Mara and became enlightened.
5.The Sangha is the Buddhist community of monks and nuns.
6.The Three Jewels in Buddhist teachings are the Buddha, Dharma, and the Sangha.
7.Buddhism and Hinduism both regard time as cyclical and the universe is eternal. They believe that Gods and goddesses inhabit various heavens, and demons inhabit various hells.  Also they believe in samsara and liberation from life. In Hinduism it is called moksha and in Buddhism it is called nirvana.
8.He was discontented with many of the religious features of his day, especially speculative philosophy and the sacrificial rituals of the Brahmin class. Buddha did not believe that philosophical speculation regarding the nature of the world, human self, and divine were important for salvation.
9.The first mark of existence is Anatta which means no self within reality. Annicca means impermanence because existence is constantly changing. This is closely related to Anatta because existence is always changing so there is never any self in the world. Dukkha means suffering and this is a natural result of Anatta and Annicca.
10.The doctrine of anatta states that there is no self in reality because we are not attached to this world. This related to the Hindu Atman because like atman there is not specific soul because life is always changing when we are reborn.
11.A bundle of energy or the eternal self is reborn. Karma in terms of samsara is the nautre of one’s rebirth which depends on the status of one’s karma.
12.The five precepts of Buddhism are do not take life, take what is not given, engage in sensuous misconduct, use false speech, or drink intoxicants. The five precepts for monks and nuns are do not eat after noon, watch dancing or shows, use garlands, perfumes, or ornaments, use a high or soft bed, and accept gold or silver.
13.Some possible translations to the word dukkha are suffering, frustration, dislocation, and discomfort. The meaning of this word is when something is not as it should be and you know it needs to be fixed. For example if you see a crooked picture frame you know that it is not where it should be and that it should be straight.
14.Tanha is desire and it is related to dukkha because suffering is caused by desire which is one of the four noble truths.
15.To follow the eightfold path one must have the right views, the right intentions, the right speech, the right conduct, the right livelihood, the right effort, the right mindfulness, and the right meditation.
16.The different between the Buddha and the other humans who attain enlightenment is that a Buddha did not need to follow teachings or a model to be awakened because Buddha’s are able to accomplish enlightenment on their own.
17.An arhat is a person who has reached enlightenment but do not go into nirvana.
18.The literal meaning for the word nirvana is blowing out. This helps explain the concept of nirvana because a person who has reach nirvana has lost all of its desire and suffering because it has essentially been blown out.
19.The three divisions of Buddhism are Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana.
20.The main focus of Theravada Buddhism is the teachings of the Buddhism.
21.The literal meaning for the word Mahayana is way of the elders because it follows the original teachings of Buddhism strictly.
22.The Vajrayana fights fire with fire because it harnesses the energy of desire and uses it for good.
23.The Dalai Lama is the leader of Vajrayana Buddhism. The Dalai Lama is chosen by the successors of him and they use various spiritual and supernatural rituals to find the next Lama. For example if the successors find a suspected baby of being the Lama they would see if it would attract to something once owned by him.
24.The primary geographic region for Theravada Buddhism is in Cambodia, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The primary geographic region for Mahayana Buddhism is in China, Japan and Korea. The primary geographic region for Vajrayana Buddhism is in Tibet.

Hinduism Review

1.Moksha is a release from the confines of the reality and an entrance into the realm of the divine.

2.The doctrine that says all reality is ultimately one is called Monism. An analogy would be all rivers, lakes, and streams all flow into one ocean. Rivers, ponds, lakes and oceans appear to be quite distinctive, yet the share a common essence; they are all made up of water.

3.Brahman is a belief in which all things that make up the invisible and visible reality have something in common and are connected to the universe. Atman is the ultimate reality within the self. These two are related because the universe is connected with the eternal self and the eternal self is connected to the universe. These two terms are the same.

4. The General Function of Hinduism’s many deities is to serve as a connection between reality and the divine reality sense it is beyond the reach of mere humans.

5. The Doctrine of Samsara states that an individual is reincarnated from one life form to another until the individual can reach Moksha.

6.The name of Hinduism's most popular sacred text is the Bhagavad-Gita.

7.In Hinduism the two principles that connect the divine world to this world are karma and dharma. Karma is a moral law that states every action produces response which justifies the action committed. Dharma is a set of moral rules of life which must be achieved to reach Moksha.

8.The four caste systems are the Brahmin which are the priest, the Kshatriya which are warriors and administrators, the Vaishya which are the farmers, merchants, and artisans, and the Shurdra which are servants and laborers.

9.Krishna encourages Arjuna to engage in war because it is Arjuna’s sacred duty to engage in war. Arjuna was born to battle as a warrior because it is a part of her dharma.

10.The first stage is that of a student in which one does intensive study if the Vedas and other sacred literature. This stage last until marriage. The second stage is Householder and in this stage a person pursues a career and raises a family. The third stage is the forest dweller (The stage ensues after the birth of a grandchild) and in this stage a man takes retreat to fully engage in a spiritual quest. The fourth stage is sannyasin and in this stage the forest dweller is ready to come back to society however he is completely detached from the material things this world ensues.

11.The first goal of life is sensual pleasure (Karma) and this is a legitimate aim to pursuit pleasures in one’s life. The second goal is Artha and this is an attempt to reach material success, social power and prestige that accompanies it. The third goal is Dharma and this is when a person tries to achieve living a moral and ethical life. The fourth goal is Moksha and in this the goal is to achieve the infinite being, awareness and bliss of liberation.

12.The three paths to liberation are the path of works, the path of knowledge and the path of devotion. People who are engaged into day-to-day task of earning a living and raising a family prefer the path of the works. People who have a talent for philosophical reflection and reasoning should follow the path of knowledge. People who get emotionally attached easily are best perceived to follow the path of devotion.

13.The three most important schools in Hinduism philosophy are Vendanta, Sankhya and Yoga. The basic task that concerns all three is that the attainment of knowledge is needed to rid oneself of the ignorance that binds the self to Samsara.

14.Three important gods and goddesses are Vishnu who is the preserver of the world, Shiva who is the god known for destruction, and Kali who is known for being a violent destroyer to her enemies.

15.Avatars are incarnations or living embodiment of a deity. Two important Hindi avatars are Kirshnu and Rama.

16.The text that is most closely associated with Bhakti Marga is the Bhagavad-Gita.

17.The three aspects of Hindu devotional life are household and village rituals, pilgrimage to holy places and veneration of cows.

18.Mahatma Gandhi influenced Hinduism by stating that all wisdom lights the way to the divine.

19.The significant changes that took place in the caste system in the 20th century were the Indian government forbade the discrimination of any outcast and the government also instituted affirmative action plans that promote economic and social rights of the outcasts.

20.A sati is the suicidal burning of a widow because her death is seen as a sign of virtue for her love of her husband. Since 1829 sati has been forbidden however it still rarely occurs in some places in India.

21.The significant development that occurred between Hindus and Muslims in 1947 was that the Muslim community created the country of Pakistan during the partition of India so that way Muslims could have a homeland in which they could live in without the fear of being discriminated against by the Hindus. This caused a bloody civil war and many followers of both religions were killed because most were forced to move out of their homes.

Primal Religions Packet

1.      Forms of religion are considered primal because they existed prior to the universal or formal religions such as Christianity or Hinduism. Primal religions exhibits the basic feature found in all religions. Some characteristics of primal religions originated first,  they are usually traditions of non-literate people, they tend to be used by small groups of people, and they are very diverse because not all primal religions will be the same.

2.      During the period of dreaming the Ancestors created landscapes, various forms of life, and the first humans. They organized humans into tribes and gave them each specific languages, social rules, and customs.

3.      The spiritual essence of the Ancestors remains in the various symbols they left behind.

4.       A totem is a natural entity that symbolizes an individual or group and has special significance to the religious life of a group or individual. Taboo is the prohibition of certain behaviors or objects for fear of dangerous contact with spiritual powers.

5.      For Aborigines, ritual is essential if life is to have meaning because it is only through ritual that Dreaming can be accessed and experienced.

6.      The rituals originated from the Ancestors who created the world during dreaming and each ritual is a reenactment of a myth of the certain actions an Ancestor did during Dreaming.

7.      Initiation rituals awaken young people to the spiritual identity and redefine their social identify in a tribe.

8.      Two acts of the Dieri initiation ritual that symbolize death are the initiates two lower middle teeth were knocked out and buried in the ground, and the initiate is circumcised.

9.      The Yoruba live in the western regions of Africa including Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.

10.   The city of Ife has always been the center of Yoruba religion because the Yoruba believe that the god Orish-nla first began to create the world in Ife.

11.  Yoruba cosmological view of the world depicts reality being divided into two separate worlds which were heaven and earth. Human beings are descended from gods and earth is also populated by deviant forms of human beings call witches and sorcerers who can cause chaos. The purpose of this religion is to maintain balance between the gods and humans and also to keep the sorcerers and witches from doing evil deeds.

12.   Olorun is the supreme god of Yoruba religion and is the primary original source of power in the universe.    

13.  Orishas are lesser deities than the supreme Olorun however they can harm or help human beings depending on how a ritual is carried out. Orishas function as a mediator between Olorun and human beings.

14.  One Orisha is Orish-nla and Yoruba believe that he created the earth. Another one is Ogun, the god of war and iron who was once a human but then died and became a god.

15.  A trickster figure is a type of supernatural being who tends to disrupt the normal course of life.

16.  Family ancestors gained supernatural status by earning a good reputation and living to an old age. They are worshipped by their own families.  Diefied ancestors were important human figures in Yoruba society who are now worshiped in large numbers.

17.  The role of ritual practitioners is to mediate between the gods and ancestors in heaven, and human beings on earth.

18.  Divination is the use of various techniques for gaining knowledge about an individual’s future or about the cause of a problem. Divination is important because knowledge of one’s future is essential for determining how to proceed in one’s life.

19.  According to scholars human being came to North America either 20,000 or 30,000 years ago by migrating from Asia to the Bering Strait. They gradually spread out and inhibited both North and South America.

20.  The religion of the plains Indians is of vital interest among native peoples because their religion represents Native American religion in general.

21.  Wakan Tanka is the Lakota name for supreme reality and means most sacred. Wakan Tanka represents sixteen separate deities.

22.  Inktomi is means spider and is the Lakota trickster figure taught the first human beings their ways and customs.

23.  The Lakota believe that when someone dies one of their four souls goes on a journey along the spirit path of the Milky Way. The soul is judged and either becomes an ancestor or a ghost on earth. The remaining parts of the soul are reborn into new bodies.

24.  The primary goal of a vision quest is for an individual to gain spiritual power to ensure greater success in hunting and warfare.

25.  A sweat lodge is a dark hut made of saplings and covered in animal skins. The Lakota built it to represent the universe and they believe the sweating leads to purification.

26.  The vision arrives in the form of an animal, an object, or a force nature. A message is often communicated in these visions and the individual tells the medicine man who then explains the vision.

27.  In the Blackfeet tribe a woman with outstanding moral character presides over the Sun Dance.

28.  An axis mundi is an entity such as a tree or mountain that connects the heavens and earth. The axis mundi in the Sun Dance is the cottonwood tree.

29.  The participants of the Sun Dance believe that their bodies is the only true thing they own so body mutilation is the only suitable sacrifice one can offer to the supreme being

30.  The Aztec Traditions defy the description of a primal religion because they were highly developed and populated civilization with a population of about fifteen million. However the Aztecs were like other primal religions because they emphasized the interrelationship between myths and rituals.

31.  The geographical area of Mesopotamia included most of present day Mexico and extended south ward to present day Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

32.  The Aztec god who created and ordered the world was Quetzalcoatl. The ancient city Teotihuacan is said to be the origin of the entire cosmos.

33.  Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl is the god’s earthy devotee and he ruled as a priest-king. Quetzalcoatl is significant to the Aztecs because they believed he presided over the golden age of Aztec cultural brilliance and he provided the Aztecs a perfect role model for their own authority figures. 

34.  The Aztecs called their present age the Age of the Fifth Sun and they anticipated that their sun would be destroyed like the other four suns.

35.  The Aztecs understood the special world as having four quadrants extending outward from the center of the universe, which connected the earthly realm to the heavenly and underworld realm.

36.  Aztecs regarded each human being as a sort of axis mundi because the head and the heart are regarded as potent for the nourishment for the sun and the cosmos. This potency creates a link between the earthly and heavenly realms.

37.  The “Knower of Things” could communicate with the gods and make offerings through language which provided an alternative to sacrifice.

38.  The historical coincidence that contributed to the fall of Tenochtitlan was that in 1519 the Aztec king Quetzalcoatl was supposed to return. The general of the Spanish army Hernan Cortez arrived that same year in a feathered helmet and the Tenochtitlan believed that Cortez was the return of Quetzalcoatl. However they were severely disappointed when Cortex began to conquer them.

39.  The day of the dead shows the survival of Aztec religious culture because during this celebration modern day Aztecs set aside time each year to perform similar rituals devoted the same basic principle the ancient Aztecs used to practice.

40.  Three themes that are shared by the primal religions studied in this chapter are boundaries between the supernatural and human worlds are thin and easily crossed, religion is encompassing in every aspect the primal religions society, and lastly primal religions are always changing.

The Yoruba

Major Rituals
A newborn infant is sprinkled with water to make it cry. No word may be spoken until the infant cries. Also, no one younger than the mother should be present at the birth. The infant then is taken to the backyard. The umbilical cord is bound tightly with thread and then cut. The placenta is buried in the backyard. On the placenta burial spot, the child is bathed with a loofah sponge and rubbed with palm oil. The child is held by the feet and given three shakes to make it strong and brave. After a specified number of days, a naming ceremony is held. Relatives attend and bring small amounts of money. Male and female circumcision are usually performed in the first month.

Marriages are arranged. A man must negotiate with the girl's father. If he is approved he must bring the family a payment called a bride wealth, paid in three installments. Wedding ceremonies begin at the bride's house after dark. There is a feast to which the groom contributes yams. The bride then is taken to the groom's house. There she is washed from foot to knee with an herbal mixture meant to bring her many children. For the first eight days after marriage she divides her time between her husband's and in her parents' compounds. On the ninth day she moves to her husband's home.

Burials are performed by the adult men who are not close relatives but belong to the clan of the deceased. The grave is dug in the floor of the room where the deceased lived. After the burial there is a period of feasting. Many of the rituals associated with burial are intended to insure that the deceased will be reborn again.

Location

The Yoruba homeland is located in west Africa. It stretches from a savanna (grassland) region in the north to a region of tropical rain forests in the south. Most Yoruba live in Nigeria. However there are also some scattered groups in Benin and Togo, small countries to the west of Nigeria. The occupations and living conditions of the Yoruba in the north and south differ sharply.
Current census figures are difficult to obtain. The Yoruba population is estimated to be 5.3 million.

Primary Cosmology
According to a Yoruba creation myth, the deities (gods) originally lived in the sky with only water below them. Olorun, the Sky God, gave to Orishala, the God of Whiteness, a chain, a bit of earth in a snail shell, and a five-toed chicken. He told Orishala to go down and create the earth. Orishala approached the gate of heaven. He saw some deities having a party and he stopped to greet them. They offered him palm wine and he drank too much and fell asleep. Odua, his younger brother, saw Orishala sleeping. He took the materials and went to the edge of heaven, accompanied by Chameleon. He let down the chain and they climbed down it. Odua threw the piece of earth on the water and placed the five-toed chicken upon it. The chicken began to scratch the earth, spreading it in all directions. After Chameleon had tested the firmness of the earth, Odua stepped down. A sacred grove is there today.

Tabus


Sacred Symbols


Totems/Fetishes


Sacred sites/Locations

The dense forest of the Osun Sacred Grove, on the outskirts of the city of Osogbo, is one of the last remnants of primary high forest in southern Nigeria. Regarded as the abode of the goddess of fertility Osun, one of the pantheon of Yoruba gods, the landscape of the grove and its meandering river is dotted with sanctuaries and shrines, sculptures and art works in honour of Osun and other deities. The sacred grove, which is now seen as a symbol of identity for all Yoruba people, is probably the last in Yoruba culture. It testifies to the once widespread practice of establishing sacred groves outside all settlements.


Religion-Good, bad, trickster gods?
As many as 20 percent of the Yoruba still practice the traditional religions of their ancestors.
The practice of traditional religion varies from community to community. For example, a deity (god) may be male in one village and female in another. Yoruba traditional religion holds that there is one supreme being and hundreds of orisha, or minor deities. The worshipers of a deity are referred to as his "children."

There are three gods who are available to all. Olorun (Sky God) is the high god, the Creator. One may call on him with prayers or by pouring water on kola nuts on the ground. Eshu (also called Legba by some) is the divine messenger who delivers sacrifices to Olorun after they are placed at his shrine. Everyone prays frequently to this deity. Ifa is the God of Divination, who interprets the wishes of Olorun to mankind. Believers in the Yoruba religion turn to Ifa in times of trouble. Another god, Ogun (god of war, the hunt, and metalworking), is considered one of the most important. In Yoruba courts, people who follow traditional beliefs swear to give truthful testimony by kissing a machete sacred to Ogun. 

Shango (also spelled Sango and Sagoe) is the deity that creates thunder. The Yoruba believe that when thunder and lightning strike, Shango has thrown a thunderstone to earth. After a thunderstorm, Yoruba religious leaders search the ground for the thunderstone, which is believed to have special powers. The stones are housed in shrines dedicated to Shango. Shango has four wives, each representing a river in Nigeria.
The Yoruba who practice other religious are divided about evenly between Muslims (followers of Islam) and Christians. Nearly all Yoruba still observe annual festivals and other traditional religious practices.

Role of Shamin


Images that reflect art of the people 

 

 

Vocabulary

1. Axis Mundi- turning point of the world : line through the earth's center around which the universe revolves

2. Taboo- A custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

3. Totem- A natural object or animal believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and adopted by it as an emblem.

4. Trickster- a cunning or deceptive character appearing in various forms in the folklore of many cultures.

5. Vision Quest- an ongoing search for the meaning and purpose of life.

6. Divination- the act of obtaining secret knowledge, especially that which relates to the future, by means within the reach almost exclusively of special classes of men. 

7. Pantheism- A doctrine that identifies God with the universe, or regards the universe as a manifestation of God.

8. Polytheism- the belief or worship in more than one god

9. Monotheism- The belief in only one God

10. Transcendence- extending or lying beyond the limits of ordinary experience

11. Empathy- most often defined by the metaphors of 'standing in someone else's shoes' or 'seeing through someone else's eyes'.

12. What does Revelation have to do with religion?

"usually used to indicate the supernatural origin of a set of beliefs or sacred texts.(Victor Gunasekara)"

Sacramental Vocabulary

Introductory Unit
1. Heart- The center of the person's emotions

2. X and Arrows-The arrows are a representation of mankind's desire to reach God -The X represents the infinite God that mankind wants to reach -The line underlying that, represents infinite time

3. Desire-The aspirations the human heart wants and these are infinite 

4. Reality-The being of existence

5. 4 Truths of the “I”- I did not make myself, I have unlimited desires, My abilities are limited and I expect to be happy  

6. Ontology-The study of the nature of being

7. Being-The reason for existence

Anointing of the Sick
1. Suffering- Experience or be subjected to something bad or unpleasant

2. Sickness in the Old Testament- Perceived as weakness and filled with sin

3. Job-Known by his great deal of suffering

4. Original Sin- The sin we are all born with dated back to Adam and Eve

5. Presbyters- Are elders of the Christian church

6. Priest or bishops administer the sacraments

7. Anyone can receive the sacrament, as long as they truly believe in the faith

8. Celebration of the Sacrament: laying on of hands, prayer of faith, and anointing with oil

9. Viaticum: Eucharist given to a person in danger of death

10. Apocalyptic: stating the eradication of the world

11. Apostolate: an apostles mission

Reconciliation

1. Penance- repentance of sins

2. Confession- admission of sin

3. Forgiveness- remission of sin

4. Conversion- the change in beliefs

5. Empathy- understanding another person's feelings and condole with them

6. Ten Commandments: 1. Thou shalt not have any other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not take the Lord your God's name in vain. 3. Remember to keep the Sabbath Day Holy. 4. Honor your father and mother. 5. Thou shalt not kill. 6. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 7. Thou shalt not steal. 8. Thou shalt not bear false witness against your neighbor. 9. Thou shalt not covet your neighbor’s wife. 10. Thou shalt not thy neighbor's house.

7. Four Dimensions of the Sacrament- confession, contrition, penance, absolution

8. Examination of Conscience: helps us to remember and acknowledge our  sins and failings before going to Confession

9. Contrition- an emotional feeling of sorrow for wrong doing

10. Confession of Sin- confession of the sin to someone else, then prayer for that person who committed the sin for that person to be healed

11. Absolution- remission of sins by a priest

12. Sin- offense against religious or moral law

13. Mortal Sin- sin that is committed that is seriously restricted by the morals of the Church, that the sin can not receive absolution by sanctifying grace

14. Venial Sin- sin that is relatively slight or that is committed without full reflection or consent and does not deprive the soul of sanctifying grace

15. Original Sin- The sin we are all born with dated back to Adam and Eve

16. Personal Sin- Self committed sins that does not involve any outside influences 

17. Sacramental Seal- the priest is forbidden to share with anyone what a person confessed

18. Restitution- the act of being restored

19. Concupiscence- strong sexual desires

20. Fornication- relations between an unmarried man and woman

21. Excommunication- expulsion from a group

22. Heresy- contradictory teachings of the Church

23. Priests or bishops administer the sacraments

24. Concupiscence- a tendency toward sin

25. Venial Sin-When we do not follow God’s plan in some small way. Venial sins hurt our friendship with God.

Matrimony

1. Abortion- the killing of a pregnancy; this is looked down on by the Church

2. Contraception-the methods used to prevent pregnancy for sexual intercourse

3. Sterilization-the act of forcing infertilization

4. Nuptial Blessing: blessings for the newly wed

5. Fidelity-faithful

6. Divorce-the end of a marriage

7. Polygamy- type of marriage where the spouses can have more than one partner

8. Adultery-break of fidelity to the marriage resulting in the husband/wife having intercourse with someone outside of the marriage

9. Annulment- the ending of a marriage through religion

10. Intimacy-closeness

11. Exchange of Vows-The most important part of a Catholic wedding is what is commonly known as the exchange of vows. These words are the heart—the essential element—of the sacrament of marriage; they form the covenant that establish the couple’s marriage. The Church calls the exchange of vows consent—that is, the act of will by which a man and a woman give themselves to each other, and accept the gift of the other. The marriage can’t happen without the declaration of consent 

12. Grace- a gift of God's mercy and forgiveness

13. Creation-the process of existence

Holy Orders1. Diocese- an area of a group of churches that a bishop oversees

2. Vicar- representative of any ecclesiastic entity

3. Episcopal College- A church that practices or advocates the principle of the Church being government by bishops.

4. Synod of Bishops-A council or an assembly of church officials or churches; an ecclesiastical council

5. Ecumenical Council-an assembly of bishops and other ecclesiastics representative of the Christian Church throughout the world. Roman Catholic canon law states that an ecumenical council must be convened by the pope

6. Infallibility-the inability to be wrong

7. Imprimatur-An official license by the Roman Catholic Church to print an ecclesiastical or religious book.

Baptism1. Definition-forgives all personal sin, takes away original sin, infuses sanctifying grace, and is necessary for salvation

2. The proper matter used for baptism is water

3. Correct Words/Form- "In the name of the Father, Son, Holy Spirit"

4. Designated Minister- bishop, priest, deacon

5. Sign of the Cross-a reminder of the love of Christ who gave his life for his friends. The tracing of a cross on the forehead of the person being baptized is an invisible 'branding' that says 'you belong to Christ'. 

6. White Garment-worn in baptism indicating new life

7. Baptismal Candle-As a sign of the new life a Baptismal candle will be lit using the flame from the Easter Candle which symbolises the light of Christ - the Light of the World. This is the light that darkness cannot overcome. Light warms and encourages, it gives safety and illuminates the way ahead. It can burn and test substances. The baptised child, who has opened her eyes to the light of creation, is now awakened by the flame of faith. She is called to see all things through the eyes of Jesus Christ.

8. Oils of Baptism-It is a sign of sealing with the gifts of the Holy Spirit

9. Water-the proper matter used to cleanse the person and wash away their past sin to cleanse their new spiritual body

10. Concupiscence-tendency toward sin

Confirmation
1. Definition-imprints in the soul a character, a certain spiritual and indelible Sign, and so can only be received validly once. Confirmed persons are called to profess faith in Christ publicly, and to spread the Gospel message, in accord with the ability and circumstances of their life.  

2. Proper Matter-the chrism oil

3. Correct Words/Form-"I sign thee with the sign of the cross and confirm thee with the chrism of salvation, in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost."

4. Designated Minister-the bishop

5. Seal-when a bishop anoints a person with chrism and says, "[Name], be sealed with the Gift of the Holy Spirit." 

6. Holy Spirit-the third being of the Trinity that is the spiritual being of the world

7. Fruits of the Spirit- love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control

8. Gifts of the Spirit: wisdom, understanding, counsel, fortitude, knowledge, piety, and fear of the Lord

9. Requirements for Reception-In order to ensure the valid reception of the Sacrament of Confirmation, we are responsible to investigate and help individuals resolve any possible situations that would cause them to be ineligible.  Therefore, the following requirements are in place to safeguard the sacrament, and to provide guidance to individuals who need further assistance with preparing for Confirmation

Eucharist1. Definition-The name given to the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar in its twofold aspect of sacrament and Sacrifice of Mass, and in which Jesus Christ is truly present under the bread and wine.

2. Transcendence-an experience where our hearts, minds and souls are lifted up away from ourselves, and for a moment, often only a very short moment, we experience the presence of God in a deep and profound way. 

3. Eucharist is a memorial- reminder of the Last Supper Jesus had with His apostles

4. Consecration- when the bread and wine become sacred

5. Transubstantiation-where the bread and wine are no longer bread and wine but the Body and Blood of Christ

6. Tabernacle- the holy box that the consecrated Eucharist is stored in

7. Other Names for the Eucharist: Lord’s Supper, Breaking of the Bread, Eucharistic Assembly, Memorial, Holy Mass, Holy and Divine Liturgy, and Holy Communion

8. Proper Matter-bread and wine

9. Correct Words/Form- "Take it," he said "this is my body." Then he took a cup, and when he had returned thanks he gave it to them, and all drank from it, and he said to them, "This is my blood, the blood of the covenant, which is to be poured out for many."

10. Designated Minister-bishops, priests, deacons

11. Corpus Christi- Latin term meaning, “Body of Christ”

Confirmation

The gifts of the Holy Spirit are working in my life by challenging me and developing me as a better person mentally and physically.  The Gifts of the Holy Spirit have shaped my mind to think prosperous thoughts.  To think like a champion and to become one.  I used to always have childish thoughts and not think outside the box.  Now I have become a smarter intellectual and have a better understanding of life.  The Gifts of the Holy Spirit have shaped me physically because I can control my actions.  When I was younger, I would always get into fights, but now I am able to suppress my anger in a healthy way and let it out when I am involved in extra-curricular activities.  When eight graders enter into high school as freshman, they tend to subdue to the profane language instead of the vocabulary of the dictionary that we learn from.  I once had an problem with that.  Now I know that it is not cool and my verbal tone has decreased in a positive way.  I do not use profanity at all because it is also a healthy thing to do.  I feel as if the Gifts of the Holy Spirit have matured me in a way so that I can exhibit proper mannerisms wherever my path may lead me.  



The Gift of the Holy Spirit I believe that I need most in my life is Wisdom.  I need a guideline of what I should do to continue a life of prosperity.  Words of wisdom and encouragement always help me to enlighten my moments of success.  When I need to get something done, and get it done right, I look to people who seem very intelligent to give me guidance to do what is right or what they think I should do to get the job done.